![]() ![]() Zhou, often called "the father of pinyin", worked as a banker in New York when he decided to return to China to help rebuild the country after the People's Republic was established. Hanyu Pinyin was designed by a group of mostly Chinese linguists, including Wang Li, Lu Zhiwei, Li Jinxi, Luo Changpei, as well as Zhou Youguang who was an economist, as part of a Chinese government project in the 1950s. In 1943, the US military tapped Yale University to develop another romanization system for Mandarin Chinese intended for pilots flying over China-much more than previous systems, the result appears very similar to modern Hanyu Pinyin. It was popular and used in English-language publications outside China until 1979. The Wade–Giles system was produced by Thomas Wade in 1859, and further improved by Herbert Giles, presented in the 1892 Chinese–English Dictionary. While Song did not himself propose a transliteration system for Chinese, his discussion ultimately led to a proliferation of proposed schemes. A student of the scholars Yu Yue and Zhang Taiyan, Song had observed the effect of the kana syllabaries and Western learning during his visits to Japan. ĭuring the late Qing, the reformer Song Shu (1862–1910) proposed that China adopt a phonetic writing system. Neither book had any influence among the contemporary Chinese literati, and the romanizations they introduced primarily were useful for Westerners. Twenty years later, fellow Jesuit Nicolas Trigault published 西儒耳目資 Xīrú ěrmù zī 'Aid to the Eyes and Ears of Western Literati') in Hangzhou. Matteo Ricci, a Jesuit missionary in China, wrote the first book that used the Latin alphabet to write Chinese, entitled Xizi Qiji ( 西字奇蹟 'Miracle of Western Letters'), published in Beijing in 1605. ![]() On this sign for Taichung Port railway station in Taiwan, text appears in traditional Han characters, English, Wade–Giles ( Taichung), and Hanyu Pinyin. History On the facade of this kindergarten in Zhengzhou, Henan, both simplified characters and Hanyu Pinyin are used. Initials are initial consonants, whereas finals are all possible combinations of medials ( semivowels coming before the vowel), a nucleus vowel, and coda (final vowel or consonant). The pronunciations and spellings of Chinese words are generally given in terms of initials and finals, which represent the language's segmental phonemic portion, rather than letter by letter. Attempts to make Hanyu Pinyin the standard in Taiwan occurred in 20, and while the system has been official since the latter attempt, Taiwan largely has no standardized spelling system. The International Organization for Standardization propagated Hanyu Pinyin as ISO 7098 in 1982, and the United Nations began using it in 1986. The system was originally promulgated at the Fifth Session of the First National People's Congress in 1958, and has seen several rounds of revisions since. Hanyu Pinyin was developed in the 1950s by a group led by Chinese linguists including Wang Li, Lu Zhiwei, Li Jinxi, Luo Changpei and Zhou Youguang, who based their work in part on earlier romanization systems. ![]() The word Hànyǔ ( 汉语 漢語) literally means ' Han language'-meaning, the Chinese language-while pīnyīn ( 拼音) literally means 'spelled sounds'. Pinyin is also used by various input methods on computers and to categorize entries in some Chinese dictionaries. The system makes use of diacritics to indicate the four tones found in Standard Chinese, though these are often omitted in various contexts, such as when spelling Chinese names in non-Chinese texts, or when writing non-Chinese words in Chinese-language texts. It is used to teach Standard Chinese, normally written with Chinese characters, to students already familiar with the Latin alphabet. Its use has become common when transliterating Standard Chinese mostly regardless of region, though it is less ubiquitous in Taiwan. It is the official system used in China and Singapore, and by the United Nations. In official documents, it is referred to as the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet. ![]() Hanyu Pinyin, or simply pinyin, is the most common romanization system for Standard Chinese. For the distinction between, / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). ![]()
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